Systems and methods for treatment of dry eye

ABSTRACT

A stimulation system stimulates anatomical targets in a patient for treatment of dry eye. The system may include a controller and a microstimulator. The controller may be implemented externally to or internally within the microstimulator. The components of the controller and microstimulator may be implemented in a single unit or in separate devices. When implemented separately, the controller and microstimulator may communicate wirelessly or via a wired connection. The microstimulator may generate pulses from a controller signal and apply the signal via one or more electrodes to an anatomical target. The microstimulator may not have any intelligence or logic to shape or modify a signal. The microstimulator may be a passive device configured to generate a pulse based on a signal received from the controller. The microstimulator may shape or modify a signal. Waveforms having different frequency, amplitude and period characteristics may stimulate different anatomical targets in a patient.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims the benefit of U.S. ProvisionalApplication Nos. 61/414,293, filed on Nov. 16, 2010; 61/433,645, filedJan. 18, 2011; 61/433,649, filed Jan. 18, 2011; and 61/433,652, filedJan. 18, 2011. The foregoing applications are hereby incorporated byreference herein in their entirety.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specificationare herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if eachindividual publication or patent application was specifically andindividually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

FIELD

The present invention relates generally to a stimulation system andmethods of use thereof. In various respects, the invention is directedto the devices and techniques for stimulating the anatomical structuresrelated to the process of lacrimation for the treatment of dry eyesyndrome.

BACKGROUND

Severe Dry Eye is a debilitating disease that affects millions ofpatients worldwide and can cripple some patients. Millions of theseindividuals suffer from the most severe form. This disease ofteninflicts severe ocular discomfort, results in a dramatic shift inquality of life, induces poor ocular surface health, substantiallyreduces visual acuity and can threaten vision. Patients with severe DryEye develop a sensitivity to light and wind that prevents substantialtime spent outdoors, and they often cannot read or drive because of thediscomfort. There is no cure for Dry Eye disease, and current treatmentoptions provide little relief for those suffering from severeconditions. Current options include artificial tears, punctal plugs,humidity goggles, topical cyclosporine, and tarsorrhaphy. None of thesetreatments provides sufficient relief or treatment of the disease. Whatis needed is a system for restoring adequate tear production inpatient's having severe Dry Eye disease.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

In an embodiment, the present invention relates to a microstimulator fortreating conditions of the eye having a length of about 0.6 cm to about1.5 cm and a width of about 1 mm to about 1.5 mm and comprising apassive stimulation circuit. The microstimulator may be conformable andflexible and may have one or more fixation elements. The one or morefixation elements may include one or more hooks, barbs, and anchors. Themicrostimulator may have one or more coatings which may be adhesive andbioabsorbable.

The passive stimulation circuit may include a tank circuit and have oneor more electrical safety features. The electrical safety features mayinclude one or more current limiting rectifiers and one or more zenerdiodes. The electrical safety features may include a voltage limitingcircuit to limit the voltage emitted by the stimulation component. Theelectrical safety feature may also include a current limiting circuit tolimit the current emitted by the stimulation component and a chargeoutput limiting circuit to limit the charge emitted by the stimulationcomponent.

The passive stimulation circuit within a microstimulator may alsoinclude a variable resistive element, a variable capacitive element andone or more electrodes. The one or more electrodes of the passivestimulation circuit may be contact points, may be nestled within themicrostimulator, may be coupled to a flexible lead, and may be coupledto a rigid lead. The one or more electrodes may contain platinum,iridium, platinum iridium, iridium oxide, titanium nitride, tantalum, orcombinations thereof.

The microstimulator may be coupled to a controller and be hermeticallysealed. The microstimulator may be injectable into a patient's eye witha 12 or larger gauge needle. The microstimulator may have one or morefeatures to facilitate minimally invasive retrieval. The length andwidth of the microstimulator may be selected to permit placement of aportion of the microstimulator adjacent to the lacrimal gland. Thelength and width of the microstimulator may also be selected to permitplacement of the entire microstimulator adjacent to the lacrimal glandand to permit placement of the microstimulator on, partially in, withinor about the lacrimal gland.

In an embodiment, a method for treating dry eye by stimulating one ormore nerves that innervate lacrimal gland tissue includes implanting amicrostimulator adjacent to the lacrimal gland and applying stimulationto the lacrimal gland. The microstimulator may be adjacent the lacrimalgland and fully implanted within an orbit of a patient's eye. Themicrostimulator may be adjacent and directly contacting the lacrimalgland. The microstimulator may be adjacent to and at least partiallypenetrating into the lacrimal gland. The microstimulator may be adjacentto and fully implanted into or completely within the lacrimal gland.Adjacent to the lacrimal gland may include about, within or partially inthe lacrimal gland. The microstimulator may be fully implanted withinthe orbit of the eye.

The stimulation provided by the microstimulator may selectivelystimulate one or more nerves that innervate the lacrimal gland. Thestimulation may selectively stimulate the one or more nerves thatinnervate the lacrimal gland without moving the eye in the vertical orhorizontal direction, or rotationally, without stimulating the ocularmuscles, and without stimulating the superior rectus, lateral rectus,levator palpebrae superioris, retina or corresponding motor nerves. Theautonomic efferent fibers may be selectively stimulated over the sensoryafferent fibers or the A-delta pain fibers or over the C pain fibers. Invarious embodiments, the stimulation may stimulate only the one or morenerves that innervate the lacrimal gland.

After the implanting step, the microstimulator may be implanted into thefossa for the lacrimal gland and may conform to the fossa for thelacrimal gland after implantation. The microstimulator may conform to anexterior aspect of a lacrimal gland after implantation. The implantingstep may further include conforming the microstimulator to an exterioraspect of the lacrimal gland. After the implanting step, themicrostimulator may conform to an exterior aspect of the fossa for thelacrimal gland.

The microstimulator may be implanted using a 12 or larger gauge needle.The microstimulator may be loaded into a 12 or larger gauge needle, amicrostimulator needle tip may be inserted using an anatomical landmarkat the corner of the eye, the needle may be positioned in proximity tothe lacrimal gland, and the microstimulator may be deployed using theneedle. The anatomical landmark may be the temporal aspect of the orbitinto the superior lateral aspect of the orbit and through the orbitalseptum. The stimulation may include a current having a pulse amplitudebetween about 500 μA to about 25 mA. The stimulation may include a pulseamplitude, a pulse width, and a pulse frequency, and one or more of thepulse amplitude, pulse width, or pulse frequency which may be variedover the treatment period. The stimulation may have a pulse frequencybetween about 2 Hz to about 270 Hz or between about 30 Hz to about 40Hz. The stimulation may include a current having a pulse width betweenabout 50 μsec to about 2700 μsec.

The implanting step may further include identifying an insertion pointfor implantation based upon a feature of the orbit. The stimulation maybe delivered in bursts and adjusted in response to a measured variable.The stimulation may include a current having a pulse width between about500 μsec to about 1000 μsec. A controller may be positioned in proximityto the microstimulator and may generate a magnetic field. The magneticfield may be adjusted based on input from the user and based on thedegree of coupling to the microstimulator. The magnetic field may begenerated in bursts and coupled to the microstimulator to generate thestimulation. The magnetic field may have a frequency of about 10 kHz toabout 100 MHz. The magnetic field may have a frequency of about 100 kHzto about 5 MHz.

In an embodiment, a system for treating dry eye may include amicrostimulator configured for implantation into an orbit of an eye anda controller for generating a magnetic field to couple to themicrostimulator. The controller may be housed within a hand-held device.The controller may be at least partially contained within and coupled toan adhesive. The controller may be flexible and conformable. Thecontroller may be coupled to, or at least partially contained within, aflexible or conformable material. The microstimulator may have a lengthof about 0.6 cm to about 1.5 cm and a width of about 1 mm to about 1.5mm and may include a passive stimulation circuit configured to receivethe magnetic field generated by the controller. The microstimulator maybe flexible, conformable, and capable of detecting one or more operatingparameters of the microstimulator. At least part of the controller maybe disposable and rechargeable. The controller may be coupled to, or atleast partially contained within, an eyeglass frame, a wrist watch, orother object.

In an embodiment, a method for treating dry eye by stimulating one ormore nerves that innervate lacrimal gland tissue may include positioningone or more stimulation electrodes adjacent to the lacrimal gland andapplying stimulation to the lacrimal gland. A microstimulator may beadjacent the lacrimal gland fully implanted within an orbit of apatient's eye. The microstimulator may be adjacent and directlycontacting the lacrimal gland, adjacent to and at least partiallypenetrating into the lacrimal gland, and adjacent to and fully implantedinto or completely within the lacrimal gland. Adjacent to the lacrimalgland may be about, within or partially in the lacrimal gland. Themicrostimulator may be fully implanted within the orbit of the eye. Theone or more electrodes are electrically coupled to a pulse generator,which may be implantable. The pulse generator may be implantable inproximity to the one or more stimulation electrodes. The pulse generatormay be implantable in proximity to the temporal bone, a subclavicularpocket, and a subcutaneous abdominal pocket. The method may furtherinclude positioning a controller in proximity to the pulse generator.

In an embodiment, a microstimulator may include a coil, a housing, and apair of electrodes. The coil may be formed from a wire having a lengthturned into a plurality of windings and responsive to an induced fieldto produce an output signal. The microstimulator may be electricallycoupled to receive the output from the coil and produce a signalresponsive to the output. The housing may encompass the circuit and thecoil, and may be adapted and configured for placement within an orbitand adjacent an eye within the orbit. The pair of electrodes may extendfrom the housing and be configured to receive the signal.

The pair of electrodes and the housing may be shaped for injectionthrough the lumen of a needle. The housing may be configured forplacement adjacent to a lacrimal gland, within an orbit to permitselective stimulation of a lacrimal gland with the signal, and within afossa near the lacrimal gland to position the pair of electrodes on, inor about a lacrimal gland.

The housing may be configured for placement in proximity to a lacrimalgland without being in proximity to a muscle of the eye. The housing mayhave a curvature conforming at least partially to the curvature of afossa for the lacrimal gland, or a curvature conforming at leastpartially to an exterior aspect of a lacrimal gland.

The microstimulator may further include a second coil, a secondrectifying and tuning circuit. The second coil may be within the housingand oriented nearly orthogonal to the second coil. The second rectifyingand capacitive circuit may be within the housing and coupled to thesecond coil, such that the second rectifying and capacitive circuit isconfigured to produce a second signal. The selector switch may be withinthe housing and connected to receive the first signal and the secondsignal and supply one of the first signal and the second signal to thepair of electrodes. The selector switch may determine which one of thefirst signal and the second signal to send to the electrodes based on acomparison of the first signal and the second signal. Current from thetwo signals may be summed without the use of a selector switch. Thesignal from the coil may have a frequency corresponding to the inducedfield, which may be generated from an external coil through mutualinductance. The induced field may be generated by an externalcontroller.

The signal generated in the coil has a frequency about equal to thefrequency of the induced field generated by the external controller. Theinduced field generated by the external controller may have a frequencybased on user input. The external controller may be contained within ahand-held device and may be disposable. The external controller may becontained within one of an adhesive patch, a pair of eye glasses, and ahead set. The circuit may include a capacitor for storing voltage and adiode to rectify a current signal. The circuit may include a rectifyingcircuit that may include a diode and a resistor connected in parallel.The signal may have a voltage with an amplitude of between 0.1V and0.25V, a current with an amplitude between 10 μA and 25 mA, and analternating current with a frequency of 2 Hz to 1000 Hz. The pair ofelectrodes may be connected to leads, which may include tines.

In an embodiment, a method of implanting a microstimulator adjacent theeye may include inserting an access device percutaneously into an orbitof an eye. A microstimulator may be advanced through the access deviceinto a position in proximity to the superior lateral aspect of theorbit. A stimulation signal may be applied to a portion of the eye withthe microstimulator. Before the inserting step, an insertion point maybe inserted for the access device based on the insertion point'srelation to a feature on the orbit. After the advancing, themicrostimulator may be positioned within a fossa of the lacrimal gland,and at least one electrode of the microstimulator may be positioned on,in or adjacent to a lacrimal gland, and an electrode of themicrostimulator is positioned on, in or adjacent a lacrimal gland.

Tear production may be increased in the eye. Vasodilation of thelacrimal gland may occur unilaterally or bilaterally. After advancing,an electrode of the microstimulator may be positioned on, in or adjacentto a neural structure associated with a lacrimal gland. During theapplying, the signal only stimulates a lacrimal gland, the signal mayselectively stimulate a lacrimal gland over a muscle of the eye, or thesignal is selected to stimulate a lacrimal gland without stimulating amuscle fiber of the eye. After the advancing, an electrode of themicrostimulator is positioned adjacent to a neural structure associatedwith a lacrimal gland and spaced apart from a muscle of the eye. Themuscle of the eye may be a rectus muscle or an oblique muscle or alevator palpebrae muscle. The microstimulator may be adjacent a lacrimalgland and spaced apart from a superior rectus muscle or a lateral rectusmuscle or a levator palpebrae muscle. The signal may stimulate alacrimal gland without activating a rectus muscle or an oblique muscleor a levator muscle in proximity to the lacrimal gland.

In an embodiment, a method for using an microstimulator may includereceiving an microstimulator at the orbit of a patient's eye. A magneticfield may be received by the microstimulator from an external powersource such as a controller. A current may be generated by themicrostimulator from the magnetic field. The current may be applied tothe patient to produce tears in the patient's eye or vasodilation of thelacrimal gland.

In an embodiment, a method for using a microstimulator may includeimplanting a stimulation device within a patient's orbit. A controllerwith a power source may be placed external to the patient's skin and incommunication with the microstimulator. A magnetic field may be appliedto the microstimulator from the controller. A current may be generatedin the microstimulator from the magnetic field. The current may beapplied to produce tears in the patient's eye.

In an embodiment, a system for treating a patient with dry eye syndromemay include a microstimulator and a controller. The microstimulator maybe responsive to a magnetic field and placed within an orbit of apatient's eye. The microstimulator may be configured to generate acurrent based on the magnetic field and apply the current to a patientto produce tears in the patient's eye. The controller may be configuredto generate the magnetic field and be placed at a location near themicrostimulator.

In an embodiment, a method for treating a patient with dry eye syndromemay begin with insert a microstimulator within an orbit of a patient'seye using a positioning device. A controller, which may include a powersource, may be placed external to a patient's skin and in proximity tothe microstimulator. A magnetic field may be applied to themicrostimulator by the controller. A current may be generated by themicrostimulator from the magnetic field. The current may then be appliedto a patient to produce tears in the patient's eye. In an embodiment, amethod for using an microstimulator may begin with connecting anmicrostimulator to a multi-electrode lead positioned on, in or adjacenta lacrimal gland. One or more electrodes may be selected from themulti-electrode lead to activate tear production in a patient's eye.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity inthe claims that follow. A better understanding of the features andadvantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to thefollowing detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments,in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and theaccompanying drawings of which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of the front side view of a patient'slacrimal apparatus that includes a controller and a microstimulator.

FIG. 2A is a perspective view of an eye within the orbit of a patient'sskull that includes a controller and a microstimulator.

FIG. 2B is a front view of a patient's skull having a microstimulator.

FIG. 2C is a section medial view of an eye within the orbit of apatient's skull.

FIG. 2D is an enlarged section view of the microstimulator in the orbitof FIG. 2C.

FIG. 2E is another section medial view of an eye within the orbit of apatient's skull.

FIG. 2F is another enlarged section view of the fossa for the lacrimalgland having a microstimulator.

FIG. 2G is another section medial view of an eye within the orbit of apatient's skull.

FIG. 2H is another enlarged section view of the inferior edge of thesuperior orbit having a microstimulator.

FIG. 2I is another section medial view of an eye within the orbit of apatient's skull.

FIG. 2J is a another enlarged section view of the superior orbit havinga microstimulator as implanted in FIG. 2I

FIG. 3 is an exemplary controller for use with a stimulation system.

FIG. 4A is an exemplary pulse generator for use with a stimulationsystem.

FIG. 4B is an enlarged view of the stimulation system components of FIG.4A near the eye of the patient.

FIG. 5 illustrates a controller with a microstimulator having a passivestimulation circuit.

FIG. 6A illustrates a power source and a microstimulator with astimulation control circuit.

FIG. 6B illustrates a pulse generator implanted into a patient.

FIG. 7 is another exemplary controller for use with a stimulationsystem.

FIG. 8A is a block diagram of a wireless stimulation system.

FIG. 8B is a block diagram of a wired stimulation system.

FIG. 8C is an exemplary circuit for implementing a stimulation system.

FIG. 9A illustrates a basic microstimulator for use with a stimulationsystem.

FIG. 9B illustrates a curved basic microstimulator for use with astimulation system.

FIG. 9C illustrates a planar pliable microstimulator for use with astimulation system.

FIG. 9D illustrates another exemplary microstimulator for use with astimulation system.

FIG. 9E illustrates a flex segmented microstimulator for use with astimulation system.

FIG. 9F illustrates a flex conduit segmented microstimulator.

FIG. 9G illustrates a microstimulator having a recapture loop.

FIG. 9H illustrates a microstimulator having a recapture magnet.

FIG. 9I is a side view of an exemplary microstimulator for use with astimulation system.

FIG. 9J is a cross section view of a basic microstimulator for use witha stimulation system.

FIG. 9K illustrates a microstimulator with electrodes coupled to pulsegeneration circuit.

FIG. 9L illustrates a microstimulator having electrodes.

FIG. 9M illustrates a microstimulator having nestled electrodes.

FIG. 9N illustrates another microstimulator having electrodes.

FIG. 9O illustrates another microstimulator connected to electrodes vialeads.

FIG. 9P illustrates a microstimulator having fixation elements.

FIG. 9Q illustrates another microstimulator with fixation elements.

FIG. 10A is a perspective view of a patient's eye with an exemplarymicrostimulator.

FIG. 10B is a perspective view of a patient's eye with another exemplarymicrostimulator.

FIG. 10C is another perspective view of a patient's eye with anexemplary microstimulator.

FIG. 11 illustrates an insertion region for deploying a microstimulator.

FIG. 12A is a side view of an insertion device for deploying amicrostimulator.

FIG. 12B is another side view of an insertion device for deploying amicrostimulator.

FIG. 13 illustrates an exemplary implant zone for a microstimulator or amulti-electrode lead.

FIG. 14 illustrates another exemplary implant zone for themicrostimulator or multi-electrode lead.

FIG. 15 is a flow chart of a method for stimulating an anatomicaltarget.

FIG. 16A illustrates a microstimulator implemented with a contact lens.

FIG. 16B is an enlarged view of inductive coils for use with themicrostimulator of FIG. 16A.

FIG. 17 illustrates a microstimulator implemented with closed loopcontrol of lacrimal stimulation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention relates to a stimulation system for stimulatinganatomical targets in a patient for treatment of dry eye. Thestimulation system may include a controller and a microstimulator. Thecontroller may be implemented external to or internal within themicrostimulator. In various embodiments, the components of thecontroller and microstimulator may be implemented in a single unit or inseparate devices. When implemented separately, the controller andmicrostimulator may communicate wirelessly or via a wired connection.The microstimulator may generate pulses from a signal received from thecontroller and apply the signal via one or more electrodes to ananatomical target. In various embodiments, the microstimulator does nothave any intelligence or logic to shape or modify a signal, but ratheris a passive device configured to generate a pulse based on a signalreceived from the controller. Unlike other implantable stimulationdevices, the passive elements of the microstimulator of the presentinvention allow for an inexpensive implementation. The presentmicrostimulator does not include numerous integrated components such asASICs, pieces of silicon and other expensive components. In contrast tohaving a battery, ASIC and other components, the present microstimulatoronly has a dissipation circuit to deliver a charge. In variousembodiments, the microstimulator includes intelligence to shape ormodify a signal. In various embodiments, waveforms having differentfrequency, amplitude and period characteristics may stimulate differentanatomical targets in a patient.

An anatomical target may include a nerve, tissue, gland or otherstructure of a patient involved in the process of lacrimation orglandular vasodilation that may be stimulated by a microstimulator. Forexample, the anatomical targets may include, but are not limited to, alacrimal gland, one or more meibomian glands, lacrimal ducts,parasympathetic nerves, fibers and neurites, sympathetic nerves, fibersand neurites, rami lacrimales, lacrimal nerve, perivascular nerves oflacrimal artery and branches thereof, nerve fibers innervating themeibomian glands, myoepithelial cells of the lacrimal gland, acinarcells of the lacrimal gland, ductal cells of the lacrimal gland.

Reference will now be made in detail to exemplary embodiments of theinvention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanyingdrawings. While the invention will be described in conjunction with theexemplary embodiments, it will be understood that they are not intendedto limit the invention to those embodiments. On the contrary, theinvention is intended to cover alternatives, modifications andequivalents, which may be included within the spirit and scope of theinvention as defined by the appended claims.

FIGS. 1-17 discuss and relate to a microstimulator. Each reference to amicrostimulator is intended to be illustrative. A microstimulator of thepresent invention may be implemented as any of the illustrativemicrostimulators, a combination of portions of each illustrativemicrostimulator, or with additional or fewer components.

FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of the front side view of a patient'slacrimal apparatus that includes a controller and a microstimulator.FIG. 1 includes an eye 30 having an upper lid 20 and lower lid 22. Thelacrimal (i.e. lachrymal) apparatus is the physiological systemcontaining the structures of the orbit for tear production and drainage.The lacrimal apparatus includes a lacrimal gland 10, ducts 12, puncta16, lacrimal ducts 18, and nasolacrimal duct 24. The lacrimal gland 10secretes tears 14 (lacrimal fluid) which flow through the ducts 12 intothe space between the eye 30 and lids 20 and 22. When the eye 30 blinks,tears 14 are spread across the surface of the eye 30. The tears 14collect in the lacrimal lake (not shown), and are drawn into the puncta16 by capillary action. The tears 14 flow through the lacrimalcanaliculi (not shown) at the inner corner of the lids 20 and 22, enterthe lacrimal ducts 18 and drain through to the nasolacrimal duct 24, andfinally continue into the nasal cavity.

A microstimulator 120 may be positioned within an orbit as shown in FIG.1 and adjacent to eye 30 within the orbit. The microstimulator 120 maybe placed on, in or adjacent the lacrimal gland 10. In variousembodiments, the microstimulator 120 is implanted into the fossa of thelacrimal gland (illustrated in FIG. 2). The microstimulator 120 maystimulate one or more nerves that innervate the lacrimal gland 10.Microstimulator 120 may receive a waveform 112 and may provide an outputsignal 114 for stimulating one or more anatomical targets of a patient.In various embodiments, the microstimulator 120 selectively stimulatesone or more nerves that innervate the lacrimal gland 10. Additionally,the microstimulator 120 may stimulate one or more nerves that innervatethe lacrimal gland 10 indirectly as opposed to directly.

Direct stimulation of a nerve includes delivering low amplitudeelectrical stimulation via electrodes that are in direct contact withthe nerve to be stimulated. The electrodes may be located on the sheathof the axon or away from the portion of the nerve that innervates tissueor gland. An example of a direct nerve stimulator is a nerve cuff whichincludes electrodes carried on the inside walls of a cylindricalpolymeric sheath. The nerve cuff is wrapped around the nerve to bringthe electrodes into direct contact with an isolated portion of a nerveto be stimulated. Indirect stimulation of a nerve includes deliveringlow amplitude electrical stimulation via electrodes that are in closeproximity, but not in direct contact, with the nerve to be stimulated.Nerves that are in a bundle, plexus or innervating tissue or a gland arenot isolated from other nerves or structures. Target nerves orstructures that are not isolated may stimulated indirectly by usingelectrical selectivity.

The lacrimal gland 10 may be innervated by several nerves. The nervesmay include the rami lacrimales, the lacrimal nerve, perivascular nervesof lacrimal artery, and sympathetic nerves fibers and neurites whichinnervate the lacrimal gland and its associated vasculature.

A controller 110 may provide power to the microstimulator 120. Thecontroller 110 may provide power wirelessly or through a wiredconnection to the microstimulator 120. The power may be provided througha magnetic field, electronic signal or in some other manner. Thecontroller 110 may be implemented external to the patient's skin 2 orimplanted into the patient 1. The controller 110 and the microstimulatorare discussed in more detail with respect to FIGS. 3-8.

FIG. 2A is a perspective view of an eye within the orbit of a patient'sskull that includes a controller and a microstimulator. FIG. 2A includesthe eye 30, upper lid 20, lower lid 22, lacrimal gland 10, ducts 12,microstimulator 120, and controller 110 as shown in FIG. 1. The rim ofthe upper lid 20 and the lower lid 22 contain the meibomian glands 128.The meibomian glands 128 are sebaceous glands responsible for the supplyof meibum which is an oily substance consisting of lipids that slowsevaporation of the eye's tear film.

The posterior lacrimal crest 34 is a vertical ridge that divides theorbital surface of the lacrimal bone into two parts. In front of theposterior lacrimal crest 34 is a longitudinal groove which unites withthe frontal process 46.

There are two bony depressions in the orbital cavity that may bereferred to as the lacrimal fossa. The first is a smooth, concaveshallow depression located on the inferior surface of each orbital plateof the frontal bone. This depression houses the lacrimal gland and isreferred to as the fossa for the lacrimal gland 130. The second is asmooth, more deeply concave depression on the lacrimal bone, which formsthe medial wall of the orbital cavity. This depression houses thelacrimal sac and is referred to as the fossa for the lacrimal sac 32.

The supraorbital process 44 is a passage in the frontal bone for thesupraorbital artery and nerve. The supraorbital process 44 is located onthe superior and medial margin of the orbit in the frontal bone. Theorbit of the skull 40 is lined with a periosteum (illustrated in FIGS.2C-J) and contains the eye 30, extraocular muscles for movement of theeye 30, veins (not shown), arteries (not shown), and nerves (not shown)which traverse the orbit into the face and the lacrimal gland 10. Theextraocular muscles include the lateral rectus 118, the medial rectus(not shown), the superior rectus 116, inferior rectus 124, superioroblique 117, inferior oblique 126, and levator palpebrae superioris (notshown). The lateral rectus 118 abducts the eye away from the nose andthe medial rectus adducts the eye towards the nose. The lateral rectus118 and medial rectus move the eye only in a horizontal plane. Thesuperior rectus 116, inferior rectus 124, superior oblique 117, andinferior oblique 126 control vertical motion. The levator palpebraesuperioris originates on the sphenoid bone 36 and is responsible forelevating the upper lid 20.

The malar process 26 is the rough projection from the maxilla (notshown) that articulates with the zygomatic bone 28. The bones of theskull 40 and the orbit are discussed further in FIG. 2B.

FIG. 2B is a front view of a patient's skull having a microstimulator.The front view of the skull 40 includes a right and left orbit. Theright orbit of FIG. 2B emphasizes the approximate position of themicrostimulator 120 with respect to the lacrimal gland 10 and thesupraorbital process 44 discussed with respect to FIGS. 1 and 2A. Theleft orbit of FIG. 2B emphasizes the anatomy of the orbit with respectto the bones of the skull 40. Exterior to the left orbit includes theposterior lacrimal crest 34, the supraorbital process 44, the frontalprocess 46, sphenoid bone 36, and the zygomatic bone 28 as previouslydiscussed with respect to FIGS. 1 and 2A.

The interior of the left orbit includes the superior orbital fissure 33,inferior orbital fissure 35, the fossa for the lacrimal gland 130 andthe fossa for the lacrimal sac 32. The structures that enter through thesuperior orbital fissure 33 include the cranial nerves (CN) III, IV, andVI, lacrimal nerve, frontal nerve, nasociliary nerve, orbital branch ofmiddle meningeal artery, recurrent branch of lacrimal artery, superiororbital vein, and the superior ophthalmic vein. The structures thatenter through the inferior orbital fissure 35 include the infraorbitalnerve, zygomatic nerve, parasympathetics to the lacrimal gland,infraorbital artery, infraorbital vein, and inferior ophthalmic veinbranch to pterygoid plexus.

The structures entering through the superior orbital fissure 33 and theinferior orbital fissure 35 may be stimulated by the microstimulator120. In various embodiments, the stimulation may be selectively appliedto these structures by varying the pulse amplitude, pulse width, pulsefrequency or other properties of the stimulation signal.

FIG. 2C is a section medial view of an eye within the orbit of apatient's skull. The view of FIG. 2C corresponds to the view line 2Cillustrated in FIG. 2B. FIG. 2C includes the eye 30 with upper lid 20and lower lid 22, superior rectus 116, lateral rectus 118, inferiorrectus 124, the lacrimal gland 10, and the microstimulator 120 of FIG.2A. The orbital process 42 of the zygomatic bone is a thick, strongplate, projecting backward and medialward from the orbital margin. Themicrostimulator 120 may be positioned between the portion of the boneforming the fossa for the lacrimal gland 130 and the periosteum 122. Theperiosteum 122 of the orbit of a healthy eye may be tightly attached. Incases of a diseased eye, the periosteum 122 may be loosely attached andraised from the bone beneath.

FIG. 2D is an enlarged section view of the microstimulator in the orbitof FIG. 2C. FIG. 2D includes the microstimulator 120 positioned betweenthe portion of the bone forming the fossa for the lacrimal gland 130 andthe periosteum 133. The bone includes cortical tissue 132 and cancelloustissue 134. Cortical 132 and cancellous 134 are two types of osseoustissue that form bone.

FIG. 2E is another section medial view of an eye within the orbit of apatient's skull. The view of FIG. 2E corresponds to the view line 2Eillustrated in FIG. 2B. FIG. 2C is lateral and more medial than FIG. 2E.FIG. 2E includes the eye 30 with upper lid 20 and lower lid 22, superiorrectus 116, lateral rectus 118, inferior rectus 124, the lacrimal gland10, and the microstimulator 120 of FIGS. 2A-D. FIG. 2E also includes thefossa for the lacrimal gland 130. The microstimulator 120 is shownpositioned between the periosteum 133 and the portion of the boneforming the fossa for the lacrimal gland 130 as in FIGS. 2C and 2D.

FIG. 2F is another enlarged section view of the fossa for the lacrimalgland 130 having a microstimulator. FIG. 2F includes the microstimulator120 positioned between the portion of the bone forming the fossa for thelacrimal gland 130 and the periosteum 133 adjacent the lacrimal gland10. Cortical 132 and cancellous 134 of FIGS. 2C-D are also illustratedin FIG. 2F.

FIG. 2G is another section medial view of an eye within the orbit of apatient's skull. The view of FIG. 2G corresponds to the view line 2Gillustrated in FIG. 2B. FIG. 2H is another enlarged section view of theinferior edge of the superior orbit having a microstimulator. FIGS. 2G-Hare similar to FIGS. 2C-D except that the microstimulator is shownpositioned between the periosteum 133 and the lacrimal gland 10. Thelacrimal gland 10 is illustrated in the more medial view of FIGS. 2I-J.

FIG. 2I is another section medial view of an eye within the orbit of apatient's skull. The view of FIG. 2I corresponds to the view line 2Iillustrated in FIG. 2B. FIG. 2J is another enlarged section view of theinferior edge of the superior orbit having a microstimulator. FIGS. 2I-Jare similar to FIGS. 2E-F except that the microstimulator is shownpositioned between the periosteum 133 and the lacrimal gland 10.

A stimulation system may include a controller and a microstimulator. Thecomponents of the controller and microstimulator may be implemented as asingle device or separately. When implemented separately, the controllerand a microstimulator may communicate wirelessly or via a wiredconnection. FIGS. 1, 2A, 3-7 illustrate embodiments of a stimulationsystem with various configurations of a controller and amicrostimulator. The controller may be contained within an adhesive. Forexample, the controller may be attached to a bandage or flexible bandaid designed to conform to an outer surface of a patient's skin. Invarious embodiments, the color of the adhesive may be designed to bevisually appealing such as matching a patient's skin tone ortranslucent. In various embodiments, the controller may be at leastpartially contained within the adhesive. The adhesive may have a thinprofile and may be embedded in a polymer. The polymer may be integratedwith a surface of the adhesive. The adhesive may be mounted to a surfaceof a flexible substrate. The flexible substrate may contain componentssuch as the controller mounted to another surface of the substrate. Thecomponents may be coated and potted within the substrate, and may beselected for the bandage such that they are not subjective to eddycurrents. The controller may also be coupled to the adhesive or coupledto or at least partially contained within a flexible or conformablematerial. The controller may further be coupled to or at least partiallycontained within a wrist watch. The controller may be disposable. Thecontroller may be rechargeable.

FIG. 3 is an exemplary controller for use with a stimulation system. Thestimulation system of FIG. 3 includes a controller 110 that isimplemented separately from a microstimulator 120. The controller 110 isembedded within a pair of eyeglasses frames 52 worn by a patient in whomthe microstimulator is implanted. The controller may also be coupled toat least partially contain within the eyeglass frame. The controller 110is positioned within the frame to be proximate to the microstimulator120. From within the eyeglasses frame 52, controller 110 may generate awaveform 112 which may be applied to microstimulator 120, which in turnmay be used to generate a signal used to stimulate an anatomical target.The controller may be implemented in a variety of objects in addition tothat discussed with respect to FIG. 3 and elsewhere herein.

FIG. 4A is an exemplary pulse generator for use with a stimulationsystem. The stimulation system of FIG. 4 includes a pulse generator 172with a multi-electrode lead. In various embodiments, the electrode leadmay be monopolar. The pulse generator may be implemented within thepatient, for example near the patients clavicle bone, and thereby forman implantable pulse generator. The leads may extend within the body ofthe patient from the pulse generator 172 to the microstimulator 120mounted within the patient's head.

FIG. 4B is an enlarged view of the stimulation system components of FIG.4A near the eye of the patient. The stimulation system components ofFIG. 4A include electrodes 113 and lead 111. The composition of theelectrode may include, but is not limited to, platinum, iridium,platinum iridium, iridium oxide, sputtered iridium oxide, titaniumnitride, tantalum, and combinations thereof. Electrodes 113 are attachedto lead 111 to form a multi-electrode lead. The multi-electrode lead ispositioned such that the electrodes may be adjacent to or in thelacrimal gland. Each of electrodes 113 may be selectively activated tostimulate one or more desired anatomical targets. For example,electrodes 1, 3 and 4 may be activated to stimulate a first anatomicaltarget and electrodes 2 and 5 maybe activated to stimulate a secondanatomical target. The one or more anatomical targets may be stimulatedby different combinations of electrodes to produce tears in thepatient's eye, or to produce vasodilation in the lacrimal gland.

FIG. 5 illustrates a controller with a microstimulator having a passivestimulation circuit. Controller 110 may be worn over the patient's earnear the mastoid region 72 of the temporal bone as shown in FIG. 5. Invarious embodiments, the controller 110 may be implemented as anadhesive patch worn behind the ear in the mastoid region 72 of thetemporal bone. The controller 110 may wirelessly transmit a waveform 112to microstimulator 120. Microstimulator may receive the wirelesswaveform, which then activates the passive stimulation circuit. Thepassive stimulation circuit may then process the waveform, for exampleby generating a rectified signal, and applying the signal to one or moreanatomical targets via one or more electrodes.

FIG. 6A illustrates a power source and a microstimulator with astimulation control circuit. The power source may be implemented asbattery 170. Battery 170 may or may not include any intelligence andlogic. Battery 170 may provide power to microstimulator 168.Microstimulator 168 may receive power from battery 170, generate asignal, and transmit the signal over leads to electrodes 113.Microstimulator may be implanted within the patient, for example withinthe mastoid region 72 of the temporal bone of the patient. Themicrostimulator may be positioned subcutaneously just beneath the skin,without removing a portion of bone, or subcutaneous with removing aportion of bone. The portion of bone that may or may not be removed mayinclude the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. The microstimulatormay be positioned external to the skin, with the lead percutaneouslytunneled through the skin.

FIG. 6B illustrates a pulse generator implanted into a patient. Pulsegenerator 172 of FIG. 6B may include a power source and be implantedwithin a mastoid region 72 of the patient's temporal bone. Pulsegenerator 172 may generate a signal for stimulating anatomical targetsand transmit the signal to one or more electrodes 113 over leads 111.

FIG. 7 is another exemplary controller for use with a stimulationsystem. The stimulation system of FIG. 7 includes controller 110 andmicrostimulator 120 which receives a waveform 112 and outputs a signal114 for stimulating one or more anatomical targets of a patient, such asa lacrimal gland. Controller 110 may be implemented external tomicrostimulator 120 and the body of the patient. In various embodiments,the controller 110 of FIG. 7 may be implemented as a hand held device.The hand held controller 110 may be manipulated to indicate when thewaveform 112 should be applied to the microstimulator in order tostimulate a lacrimal gland or other anatomical target. The handheldcontroller may be preset by a health professional or other person in anoffice or other location so that the controller operates automatically.The handheld controller may also be manually configured by a patient.

FIG. 8A is a block diagram of a wireless stimulation system. Thewireless stimulation system 100 of FIG. 8A includes a controller 110 anda microstimulator 120. Controller 110 may include a housing 119 and acontroller circuit 115. Controller circuit 115 may generate an outputsignal 112 and transmit the signal to microstimulator 120. Thetransmitted signal may be a radio frequency magnetic wave andtransmitted wireless through air, tissue and other material tomicrostimulator 120. Controller circuit 115 is discussed in more detailbelow with respect to FIG. 8C.

Microstimulator 120 includes one or more electrodes 113 and pulsegeneration circuit 121. The microstimulator 120 may be implanted withina patient and positioned with respect to the controller 110 such as toreceive the signal generated by the controller 110. Pulse generationcircuit 121 receives the signal generated by controller circuit 115 andgenerates a pulse from the received signal. The pulse may be DC balancedor other signal and may be applied to an anatomical target 123, such asfor example a lacrimal gland. An output signal 114 for stimulating oneor more anatomical targets may be applied via one or more electrodes 113coupled to the pulse generation circuit 121.

When stimulated by the pulse generated by the microstimulator 120, theanatomical target 123 achieves a desired endocrinological outcome 129such as for example generating tears in a patient. Another example of adesired endocrinological outcome 129 may include, but is not limited to,stimulation of one or more anatomical targets to cause secretion offluid, electrolytes, and proteins, vasodilatation, increasing the volumeof tears, increasing the quality of tears, improving surface health,decreasing tear osmolarity, and decreasing ocular inflammation. In thecase of the meibomian glands 128, lipids may be secreted. Themicrostimulator 120 is discussed in more detail below with respect toFIG. 8C.

FIG. 8B is a block diagram of a wired stimulation system. The wiredstimulation system 100 of FIG. 8B includes a controller 110 and amicrostimulator 120. Controller 110 of FIG. 8B may include housing 119and a controller circuit 115 similar to the controller of FIG. 8A.Controller 110 of FIG. 8B differs from the controller of FIG. 8A in thatcontroller 110 of FIG. 8B transmits an output signal 112 tomicrostimulator 120 via a wired transmission line, such as a conductingwire or other medium. The conducting wire or other medium may beattached to controller 110 and be routed through a patient's body tomicrostimulator 120.

Leads 111 between a controller 110 and microstimulator 120 may betunneled. The tunneling pathway may depend on where the device isimplanted. In various embodiments, the tunneling pathway may extend fromthe ear region (superficial to the temporal bone) to the temporal aspectof the orbit into the superior lateral aspect of the orbit, through theorbital septum and to the anatomical target.

A controller and microstimulator may have configurations in addition tothose illustrated in FIGS. 8A-B, including combinations of theconfigurations illustrated and other configurations. For example, animplantable pulse generator (IPG) may include a controller and a pulsegenerator as a single device. The IPG may be connected to one or moreelectrodes via one or more leads. Hence, the IPG implanted within apatient may be deployed in one location within a user and used tostimulate one or more anatomical targets at a different location withinthe patient, corresponding to the location of one or more electrodesconnected to the IPG.

Microstimulator 120 includes pulse generation circuit 121. Themicrostimulator may be implanted within a patient and may be connectedto the wired connection attached to the controller 110. Similar to thecircuit 121 of FIG. 8A, pulse generation circuit 121 of FIG. 8B receivesthe signal generated by controller circuit 115, generates a pulse fromthe received signal, and applies the pulse to an anatomical target, suchas for example a lacrimal gland. When stimulated by the pulse generatedby the microstimulator 120, the anatomical target achieves a desiredendocrinological outcome 129 such as for example generating tears in apatient.

FIG. 8C is an exemplary circuit for implementing a stimulation system.The circuit of FIG. 8C includes a controller circuit 115 and pulsegeneration circuit 121. Controller circuit 115 may include a powersource 136, input module 138, and controller 140. Power source 136 mayprovide a voltage source, current source, or other power source tocontroller 140. The power may be a constant voltage or current oralternating voltage or current. The controller 140 may detect one ormore operating parameters of the microstimulator. Controller circuit 115of FIG. 8C may be used to implement controller 110 discussed withrespect to other figures herein.

Input 138 may provide one or more inputs signals to controller 140. Theinput signals may be generated from input received from a user such as apatient, a health professional, or other external source. For example,the user input may be a depressed button, an input along a slide bar, orsome other input that indicates whether to apply stimulation to one ormore anatomical targets such as a lacrimal gland and/or what type ofstimulation to apply. The input signals may also be generated from logicinside the input module 138. For example, input module 138 may includelogic to apply stimulation to a lacrimal gland periodically, in a rampedfashion, continuously, in a patterned fashion, in response to detectinga condition of low or decreased tear production, or some othercondition. In various embodiments the stimulation may be ramped toprevent activation of pain sensation.

Controller 140 may receive power from power source 136 and input signalsfrom input module 138 to generate an output signal. The output signalmay be a voltage signal or a current signal applied to controller coil142, an inductive coil coupled to controller 140. The output signal mayvary in frequency, amplitude, period and/or phase based on the inputreceived from input module 138 and power received from controller 140.When the output signal is applied to controller coil 142, the coil 142may generate a magnetic wave having a radio frequency and amplitudebased on the output signal and coil.

Pulse generation circuit 121 may include a microstimulator coil 144,rectifying circuit consisting of diode 146 and/or resistor 148, and atuning capacitor 150. One end of microstimulator coil 144 (a conductivecoil) is connected to a first end of tuning capacitor 150, a first endof resistor 148, and a first end of diode 146. Resistor 148 and diode146 are connected in parallel, with a first end of the parallel circuitconnected to tuning capacitor 150 and microstimulator coil 144 and thesecond end of the parallel circuit connected to a first electrode 113.The second end of microstimulator coil 144 is connected to the other endof tuning capacitor 150 and a second electrode 113.

The rectifying circuit may implement one or more electrical safetyfeatures. Electrical safety features may include one or more elementssuch as a capacitor in series with the electrodes 113 to limit chargedelivery, one or more elements such as a capacitor in series with theelectrodes 113 to ensure DC charge balanced stimulation, one or moreresistors in parallel with the electrodes 113 and/or series capacitor toallow for DC charge balanced stimulation by capacitive discharge, one ormore current limiting diodes in series with the electrodes 113 to limitmaximum stimulation current amplitude, one or more zener diodes to limitmaximum output voltage. The resistor in parallel with the electrodes maybe of a larger impedance than the tissue load impedance to ensure powerefficient stimulation. If a resistor is used in parallel with theelectrodes 113, resistor 148 may not be used. The current limiting diodemay be diode 146. The zener diode may have a turn-on voltage selected toprevent damaging or uncomfortable stimulation amplitudes from occurring

The electrodes 113 are connected to one or more anatomical targets,which may include patient tissue 152 such as a lacrimal gland. Thetissue 152 may have an impedance which may be described in terms ofcapacitance and resistance (as illustrated by the capacitor icon andresistor icon within tissue block 152 of FIG. 8C). In variousembodiments, pulse generation circuit 121 may be a passive stimulationcircuit. The passive stimulation circuit may include a tank circuit. Thepassive stimulation circuit may include one or more variable resistiveelements, variable capacitive elements, variable inductance elements,variable non-linear elements and one or more electrodes. The variableresistive elements, capacitive elements, inductive elements, ornonlinear elements may be used to alter a characteristic of the pulsegeneration circuit 121, such as the resonant frequency, or stimulationparameter such as for example amplitude. The variable resistiveelements, capacitive elements, inductive elements, or nonlinear elementsmay be modified through delivery of energy to the microstimulator 120.Variable resistive elements, capacitive elements, inductive elements, ornonlinear elements may be reversibly varied, or irreversibly varied.

In operation, a magnetic field generated by controller coil 142 isapplied to microstimulator coil 144. Microstimulator coil 144 generatesa current i_(coil) as a result of the applied magnetic field. Thegenerated current is applied to tuning capacitor 150. When the magneticfield has varying amplitude, the tuning capacitor stores charge. Thecurrent applied to the rectifying circuit of resistor 148 and diode 146produces a pulse at electrode 113 connected to the rectifying circuit. Acurrent i_(load) is generated through the tissue, or anatomical target.The load current travels to the second electrode connected to the otherend of the tuning capacitor opposite of the rectifying circuit.

The tuning capacitor may allow for the device to be tuned externallyfrom the microstimulator. The variable capacitor could be adjusted tomodify the output of the stimulator. In various embodiments, themicrostimulator may include a tuning resistor. Similar to the variablecapacitor, the tuning resistor may be adjusted externally from thestimulator to modify the output of the stimulator. The external tuningmay be performed by a device that receives user input or is controlledby a controller 110 or controller circuit 115.

In various embodiments, there is no intelligence or logic implemented atthe pulse generation circuit 121. The pulse generation circuit 121 maycontain a plurality of coils. The plurality of coils may contain aplurality of tuning circuits. Current from the plurality of coils may besummed using rectifiers. The pulse generation circuit 121 may contain aplurality of zener diodes. The pulse generation circuit 121 may containelements which allow for controller 110 to detect operating parametersof the pulse generation circuit 121. The pulse generation circuit 121may contain a full-wave rectification circuit. The waveform 112generated at pulse generation circuit 121, in particular by controllercoil 142, determines the frequency and amplitude of the signal appliedto tissue 152 by electrodes 113. For example, as a user provides inputto adjust the frequency or amplitude of stimulation current, thecontroller responds by adjusting the amplitude, burst width, or burstfrequency of the transmitted waveform 112 accordingly. The frequency andamplitude of the signal applied to tissue 152 by electrodes 113 is notdetermined by components of the pulse generation circuit. Amplitude ofthe signal applied to tissue 152 by electrodes 113 may also be adjustedmy modifying the frequency of the magnetic field transmitted bycontroller coil 142.

A microstimulator may take any of several shapes and forms. FIGS. 9A-Jillustrate exemplary microstimulators for use with a stimulation systemof the present technology. Each of the microstimulators of FIGS. 9A-Jmay include pulse generation circuit 121.

FIG. 9A illustrates a basic microstimulator for use with a stimulationsystem. The microstimulator 120 of FIG. 9A is shaped like a capsule witha body and two ends. The body may be relatively straight with acylindrical, square, rectangular, trapezoidal or other shaped crosssection and rounded, pointed, or other shaped ends. The basic-capsuleshaped microstimulator 120 may include electrodes at one of the curvedends of the device or along the length of the device (electrodes notillustrated in FIG. 9A). The basic microstimulator may include a passivepulse generation circuit for stimulating one or more anatomical targetsin a patient and may be hermetically sealed.

The microstimulator 120 may include a coating or covering to assist inimplanting the microstimulator 120 in the vicinity of the lacrimalgland. For example, the coating may be an adhesive coating that helpsthe microstimulator 120 maintain a constant position. In addition tohaving a coating, the microstimulator 120 may be flexible andconformable. In various embodiments, the coating is bioabsorbable. Invarious embodiments the coating facilitates encapsulation orstabilization of the microstimulator 120.

FIG. 9B illustrates a curved basic microstimulator for use with astimulation system. The microstimulator of FIG. 9B may includeelectrodes and have a body including a cross section and ends shapedsimilar to the microstimulator of FIG. 9A. Unlike the microstimulator ofFIG. 9A, the body of the microstimulator 120 of FIG. 9B may be curved.The curvature of the microstimulator body 120 may be configured toconform to an anatomical structure of a patient, such as a fossa for alacrimal gland. Implementing a curved basic microstimulator 120 within apatient is discussed in more detail below with respect to FIG. 10B.

FIG. 9C illustrates a planar pliable microstimulator for use with astimulation system. The microstimulator 120 may have a first form whenit is being inserted into a patient and manipulated to have a secondform when it is position in the patient is finalized. For example, themicrostimulator of FIG. 9C may be a planar structure which can beunfurled upon implantation through a needle. The microstimulator mayunfurl to conform to an anatomical structure of a patient, such as afossa for a lacrimal gland. Implementing a planar pliablemicrostimulator 120 within a patient is discussed in more detail belowwith respect to FIG. 10A.

FIG. 9D illustrates another exemplary microstimulator for use with astimulation system. The microstimulator 120 of FIG. 9D is a flexibledevice shaped to conform to an anatomical structure of a patient, suchas a fossa for a lacrimal gland 130 of FIGS. 2A-J. The microstimulator120 of FIG. 9D includes a first curve in one direction and a secondcurve in a second direction. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 9D,the device curves are formed within a single plane. In variousembodiments, the curves may extend in more than one plane.

FIG. 9E illustrates a flex segmented microstimulator for use with astimulation system. The flex segmented microstimulator may includemultiple electrodes 113. For example, the microstimulator 120 of FIG. 9Emay include four electrodes separated by a body segments. The electrodesmay be implemented as part of a pulse generation circuit for stimulatingone or more anatomical targets such as a lacrimal gland 10. Theelectrodes and segments may combine to form a curved shape which mayconform to an anatomical structure of a patient, such as a fossa for alacrimal gland 130 of FIGS. 2A-J. Implementing a flex segmentedmicrostimulator 120 within a patient is discussed in more detail belowwith respect to FIG. 10C.

FIG. 9F illustrates a flex conduit segmented microstimulator 120. Theflex conduit segmented microstimulator 120 of FIG. 9F is similar to themicrostimulator 120 of FIG. 9E in that it has multiple electrodesseparated by body segments. Each electrode of the device of FIG. 9F maybe implemented as part of a pulse generation circuit such as for examplethe circuit 121 of FIG. 8C. The conduit segmented microstimulator 120differs from the device of FIG. 9E in that the overall shape of thedevice does not form a single curve. Rather, the overall shape of theflex conduit segmented microstimulator 120 of FIG. 9F may be somewhatjagged with each electrode extending about parallel to the otherelectrodes.

The embodiments of FIGS. 9G-H include features to facilitate minimallyinvasive retrieval. FIG. 9G illustrates a microstimulator 120 having arecapture loop. The microstimulator of FIG. 9G may include electrodesand have a body including a cross section and ends shaped similar to themicrostimulator of FIG. 9A. The microstimulator 120 of FIG. 9G may alsoinclude a recapture loop 160. Recapture loop 160 may be positioned at anend of microstimulator 120 as illustrated in FIG. 9G, or along the bodyof device 120. The recapture loop may be formed by an arm that forms anaperture. The arm may be engaged by an insertion device and/or anextraction device to insert and extract the microstimulator 120 within apatient.

FIG. 9H illustrates a microstimulator 120 having a recapture magnet 162.The microstimulator of FIG. 9H may include electrodes and have a bodyincluding a cross section and ends shaped similar to the microstimulatorof FIG. 9A, and may also include a recapture magnet 162 implemented inan end (as illustrated in FIG. 9H) or along the body of the device.Recapture magnet 162 may be engaged by an insertion device and/or anextraction device with an oppositely charged metal device to insert andextract the microstimulator 120 within a patient.

A microstimulator may be used in conjunction with a controller tostimulate an anatomical target such as a lacrimal gland. To stimulateanatomical targets, the microstimulator must be appropriately sized.FIGS. 9I-J illustrate a microstimulator and controller having dimensionssuitable for use with an anatomical target such as a lacrimal gland.

FIG. 9I is a side view of an exemplary microstimulator for use with astimulation system. The microstimulator of FIG. 9I may includeelectrodes and have a body including a cross section and ends shapedsimilar to the microstimulator of FIG. 9A. The microstimulator of FIG.9I may have a length that extends from the outer edge of one end to theouter end of a second end. In various embodiments, the length of themicrostimulator may be about 6.0 to 15 millimeters. The width of themicrostimulator may be about 1 to 1.5 millimeters. In variousembodiments, the length of the microstimulator may be about 10millimeters. The width of the microstimulator may be about 1.5millimeters.

FIG. 9J is a cross section view of a basic microstimulator for use witha stimulation system. In various embodiments, the microstimulator may besimilar to the device of FIG. 9I and have a width of about 1-1.5millimeters. In various embodiments, the microstimulator may be similarto the device of FIG. 9I and have a width of about 1.5 millimeters.

A microstimulator may have a length and width selected to permitplacement of a portion of the microstimulator or the entiremicrostimulator adjacent to the lacrimal gland. A microstimulator mayalso have a length and width selected to permit placement of themicrostimulator on, partially in, within or about the lacrimal gland.The microstimulator may be smaller than the lacrimal gland. In variousembodiments, the microstimulator is smaller than a portion of lacrimalgland. The microstimulator may be sized to extend the length of thelacrimal gland or fossa for the lacrimal gland. In various embodiments,the microstimulator may be less than the length of the lacrimal gland orfossa for the lacrimal gland.

The microstimulator may have different types of leads and electrodes. Amicrostimulator with different electrodes is illustrated in FIGS. 9K-9Q.FIG. 9K illustrates a microstimulator 120 with electrodes 113 coupled topulse generation circuit. The pulse generation circuit may have more orfewer components than those illustrated in FIG. 9K. Electrodes 113 maybe coupled to the pulse generation circuit at ends of themicrostimulator 120.

FIG. 9L illustrates a microstimulator having electrodes. The electrodes113 are attached to microstimulator 120 via small round contact points.The contact points attach electrodes 113 to the exterior ofmicrostimulator 120. FIG. 9M illustrates a microstimulator havingnestled electrodes 113. Electrodes 113 are nestled at the ends ofmicrostimulator 120 and may be configured as a circular pattern. Theelectrodes may be on both ends of microstimulator 120.

FIG. 9N illustrates another microstimulator having electrodes 113. Theelectrodes 113 of FIG. 9N are attached to a flexible lead 111. Hence,the leads may be curved and manipulated into a different shape. Theremay be one or more leads. One or more electrodes may be integrated intothe body of the device. FIG. 9O illustrates another microstimulatorconnected to electrodes 113 via leads 111. The leads 111 are rigid andgenerally maintain a single shape. There may be one or more leads. Oneor more electrodes may be integrated into the body of the device.

FIG. 9P illustrates a microstimulator 120 having fixation elements. Thefixation elements 230 may include hooks, barbs or anchors and may beconfigured to maintain a location of the microstimulator while embeddedwithin the patient. In the embodiment of FIG. 9P, the fixation elements230 are barbs that extend from a length of the microstimulator,extending out therefrom and curving downwards. Though barbs are shown inFIG. 9P, other shapes may be used to implement fixation elements 230.

FIG. 9Q illustrates another microstimulator 120 with fixation elements.Fixation elements 230 are located on leads 111 between microstimulator120 and electrodes 113.

A microstimulator may be positioned on or adjacent an anatomical targetsuch as a lacrimal gland. FIGS. 10A-C illustrate exemplary embodimentsof a microstimulator which are positioned on or adjacent a lacrimalgland of a patient.

FIG. 10A is a perspective view of a patient's eye with an exemplarymicrostimulator. The microstimulator 120 of FIG. 10A is similar to theplanar pliable microstimulator discussed above with respect to FIG. 9C.The planar pliable device is positioned on or adjacent to the lacrimalgland and has been unfurled such that a surface of the microstimulatorexpands over a portion of the surface of the lacrimal gland.

FIG. 10B is a perspective view of a patient's eye with another exemplarymicrostimulator. The microstimulator 120 of FIG. 10B is similar to thebasic curved microstimulator 120 discussed above with respect to FIG.9B. The basic curved device is positioned on or adjacent the lacrimalgland 10 and curves to conform to an anatomical structure of a patient,such as the fossa for the lacrimal gland 130 of FIGS. 2A-J.

FIG. 10C is another perspective view of a patient's eye with anexemplary microstimulator. The exemplary flex segmented microstimulator120 of FIG. 10C may include multiple electrodes 113 separated by a bodysegments. Each of the electrodes may be implemented as part of a pulsegeneration circuit and may deliver a pulse to stimulate an anatomicaltarget, such as a lacrimal gland 10. In various embodiments, theelectrodes and segments may combine to form a curved shape which mayconform to an anatomical structure of a patient, such as a fossa for alacrimal gland 130 of FIGS. 2A-J.

FIG. 11 illustrates an insertion region for deploying a microstimulator.An insertion device 220 may be used to implant a microstimulator 120into a patient. The insertion device 220 may insert the microstimulator120 through an insertion region near the fossa for the lacrimal gland130 of FIGS. 2A-J. The microstimulator 120 may be secured within theinsertion device 220 while being positioned within the patient. Once theinsertion device has positioned the microstimulator 120 at the desiredlocation within the patient, the insertion device may deploy themicrostimulator 120 in the patient.

FIG. 12A is a side view of an insertion device for deploying amicrostimulator. Insertion device 220 includes a housing 224, distal end226, and device shaft 228. Microstimulator 120 is secured near distalend 226 of insertion device 220. Insertion device 220 may position themicrostimulator 120 at or adjacent an anatomical target, such as alacrimal gland, within a patient while the microstimulator 120 issecured as shown. In various embodiments, the insertion device 220 is a12 or larger gauge needle. In various embodiments the insertion device220 contains elements for positioning the insertion device in a locationwhich facilitates safe and accurate delivery of the microstimulator 120.The insertion device may house the microstimulator 120 in a non-needlecanula. The insertion device may contain one or more energy storagedevices to facilitate insertion, for example a spring. The insertiondevice may contain an element with which the implanting physiciantriggers the insertion or deployment of the microstimulator, such aplunger or button.

FIG. 12B is another side view of an insertion device for deploying amicrostimulator. The insertion device of FIG. 12B is similar to that ofFIG. 12A, except that the microstimulator 120 is positioned outside thedistal end of insertion device 220. The microstimulator 120 may bedisplaced to a position outside the distal end by extending shaft 228through device housing 224. When installing a microstimulator 120, themicrostimulator 120 may be placed on or adjacent an anatomical targetsuch as a lacrimal gland when the distal end of the insertion device 220is positioned near the target.

FIG. 13 illustrates an exemplary implant zone for a microstimulator or amulti-electrode lead. Microstimulator 120 or a multi-electrode lead maybe positioned within the fossa for the lacrimal gland 130 of the orbitbetween the superior rectus muscle 116 and the lateral rectus muscle118. The microstimulator or multi-electrode lead may selectivelystimulate an anatomical target such as a lacrimal gland 10 without fullyactivating the extraocular muscles. For example, stimulation of thelacrimal gland may be sufficient to produce lacrimation or vasodilationof glandular blood vessels without engaging the extraocular muscles thatwould move the eye in a horizontal or vertical direction.

FIG. 14 illustrates another exemplary implant zone for themicrostimulator or multi-electrode lead. FIG. 14 illustrates the bonystructures and regions of the skull that provide access to one or moreof the anatomical targets specific to the process of lacrimation. Someof the bony structures and regions include, but are not limited to, thesphenoid bone 36, inferior orbital fissure 35, the infraorbital foramen62, the maxillary axis 64, the nasal-maxillary area 66, the nasal cavity68, the fossa for the lacrimal sac 32, the posterior lacrimal crest 34,the inferior medial aspect of the supraorbital process 70, the superiororbital fissure 33 and the fossa for the lacrimal gland 130.

FIG. 15 is a flow chart of a method for stimulating an anatomicaltarget. In various embodiments, the method may treat dry eye bystimulating one or more nerves that innervate lacrimal gland tissue.First, a microstimulator may be implanted using an insertion device atstep 182. The microstimulator may be implanted about, in proximity to,within or partially in the lacrimal gland. In various embodiments, themicrostimulator may implanted into the fossa for the lacrimal gland.Once implanted, the microstimulator may conform to the fossa for thelacrimal gland. The microstimulator may conform to an exterior aspect ofa lacrimal gland after implantation. The microstimulator may beimplanted using a 12 or larger gauge needle. The insertion device may beremoved from the patient at step 184.

A waveform signal may be generated at step 186. The waveform signal maybe generated by a controller. The waveform may be generatedautomatically based on closed loop control or based on user inputreceived by the controller. A stimulation signal may be generated fromthe waveform signal at step 188. The stimulation signal may be generatedby a microstimulator based on the transform generated by the controllerand received by the microstimulator. The stimulation signal may then beapplied to the anatomical target at step 190. In various embodiments,stimulation may be applied to the lacrimal gland from a microstimulatorfully implanted within the orbit of the eye. The stimulation mayselectively stimulate one or more nerves that innervate the lacrimalgland. In various embodiments, the stimulation only stimulates one ormore nerves that innervate the lacrimal gland.

The stimulation may be electrically selective and may stimulate the oneor more nerves that innervate the lacrimal gland without moving the eyein the vertical or horizontal direction. In various embodiments, thestimulation selectively stimulates the one or more nerves that innervatethe lacrimal gland without stimulating the ocular muscles discussed withrespect to FIGS. 2B and 13. The autonomic efferent fibers may beselectively stimulated over the sensory afferent fibers and the A-deltapain fibers. The efferent fibers may be selectively stimulated over theC pain fibers.

The stimulation may include a current having a pulse amplitude betweenabout 500 μA to about 25 mA. The stimulation may include a pulseamplitude, a pulse width, and a pulse frequency. One or more of thepulse amplitude, pulse width, or pulse frequency may be varied over thetreatment period. The stimulation may have a pulse frequency betweenabout 2 Hz to about 200 Hz. The pulse frequency may be between about 30Hz to about 40 Hz. The stimulation may include a current having a pulsewidth between about 50 μsec to about 2000 μsec.

Implanting the device may include identifying an insertion point forimplantation based upon a feature of the orbit. In various embodiments,the stimulation may be adjusted in response to a measured variable. Thestimulation may be delivered in bursts and may include a current havinga pulse width between about 500 μsec to about 1000 μsec. A controllermay be positioned in proximity to the microstimulator. The stimulationmay be delivered in a pattern. The patterned stimulation may be used toensure the comfort of the patient. The patterned stimulation may be usedto efficacy of the stimulation. The stimulation may be deliveredperiodically at regular or irregular intervals. Stimulation bursts maybe delivered periodically at regular or irregular intervals. Thestimulation amplitude, pulse width or frequency may be modified duringthe course of stimulation. For example, the stimulation amplitude may beramped from a low amplitude to a higher amplitude over a period of time.Stimulation amplitude may be ramped from a high amplitude to a loweramplitude over a period of time. Stimulation pulse width may be rampedfrom a low pulse width to a higher pulse width over a period of time.Stimulation pulse width may be ramped from a high pulse width to a lowerpulse width over a period of time. The ramp period may be between 1second and 15 minutes. The ramp period may be between 5 seconds and 30seconds. Stimulation may be delivered at night time. Stimulation mayonly be delivered at night time. Stimulation may consist of very highfrequency pulses to block activity in the target tissue. These very highfrequency pulses may be of a frequency between 1,000 Hz and 100,000 Hz.

A magnetic field may be generated by the controller. The magnetic fieldmay be coupled to the microstimulator to generate the stimulation. Themagnetic field may be generated in bursts and may have a frequency ofabout 10 kHz to about 100 MHz or 100 kHz to about 10 MHz.

In various embodiments, the present invention includes a method fortreating dry eye by indirectly stimulating one or more nerves thatinnervate lacrimal gland tissue. First, one or more stimulationelectrodes may be positioned adjacent to or in the lacrimal gland.Stimulation may be applied to the lacrimal gland, wherein the one ormore electrodes are electrically coupled to a pulse generator. The pulsegenerator may be implantable in proximity to the one or more stimulationelectrodes, to the temporal bone, in the subclavicular pocket, and in asubcutaneous abdominal pocket. A controller may be positioned inproximity to the pulse generator.

FIG. 16A illustrates a microstimulator implemented with a contact lens.The embodiment of FIG. 16A includes a contact lens positioned over aniris 200 and having electrodes 113. The contact lens stimulator is incontact with the cornea, and its inner surface conforms to the shape ofthe cornea and/or the conjunctiva.

Each of one or more electrodes 113 maybe positioned at the outer edge204 of the contact lens. The device contains two or more electrodes 113and delivers electrical current to the surface of the eye in order toactivate affluent flows. Activation of these fibers results in reflexlacrimation. A patient's upper eyelid 20 and lower eye lid 22 may bothclose over the contact lens.

The contact lens stimulator may have a battery/energy storage unit. Thestimulator may be powered by a magnet placed within the eyelids. Thestimulator may also be powered externally, either continuously orintermittently by an external power source with a coil. The coil maypart of an inductive pair of coils 202. FIG. 16B is an enlarged view ofinductive coils 202 for use with the microstimulator of FIG. 16A. Thepower source using inductive coils 202 could be implemented in ahandheld device, a pair of sunglasses, or other devices such as thosedescribed in FIGS. 3, 5, and 7. The microstimulator may be activated byblinking an eye, in which case a blink detection mechanism would be usedin conjunction with the microstimulator.

FIG. 17 illustrates a microstimulator implemented with closed loopcontrol of lacrimal stimulation. The environment of FIG. 17 includes alacrimal gland 10, stimulator 206, and an eyeball system. Stimulator 206may have sensors 208 positioned on the patient's eyeball. The stimulator206 may be connected to sensors 208 and to stimulator lead 210.Stimulator lead 210 may extend between stimulator 206 and one or moreanatomical targets, such as lacrimal gland 10. When stimulated by one ormore signals, tears may be produced under upper eye lid 20 and maytravel over an iris 200 of the patient's eye assembly.

Closed loop stimulation works by detecting a condition (surfaceimpedance to detect wetness) that provides information about therequirement of tear production and generating a condition signal. Thedevice then modulates its output in response to this condition signal tomodify its output in tear production. Detecting the condition mayinclude measurement of one or more variables. Measured variables for usein the closed loop stimulation may include one or more of tearconductivity, tear volume, and gland conductivity. A sensing element maybe part of an implantable microstimulator, or could be separate (e.g. acontact lens, part of the controller, etc.) from the implantedmicrostimulator. The adjustment of stimulation output may be based on analgorithm.

While specific microstimulator implant locations have been illustratedand described above, other implant locations and relative positionsbetween a microstimulator, the lacrimal gland and the surroundinganatomy are possible. Given the variation between patient treatmentconditions and human anatomy, numerous alternative microstimulatorplacements and variable degrees of interaction with the targeted tissueare also considered within the scope of the disclosure. As such, amicrostimulator may be positioned such that all or a portion of amicrostimulator is adjacent, on, in, or within a target tissue, such asthe lacrimal gland. All or a portion of a microstimulator refers to abody, casing or other electrically inactive element or the electricallyactive elements such as electrodes. Each of these relative positions maybe understood in terms of spacing and invasiveness to the lacrimal glandor other target structure. Positioning that is adjacent refers to aplacement that is not within direct physical contact but within thestimulation zone of any active element of the microstimulator.Positioning that is on refers to a placement in physical contact withthe lacrimal gland or stimulation target. Positioning that is in refersto the insertion by penetration or fixation of at least a portion of themicrostimulator. As such, in the lacrimal gland or in a stimulationtarget would encompass the use of one or more penetratingelements—including electrically active elements like electrodes orelectrically passive elements like a hermetically sealed housing, acasing or one or more fixation elements (i.e., a tine, a barb, a hookand the like). In light of the above, within means that themicrostimulator is completely within an implant location or position.For example, a microstimulator may be considered within the orbit whenit is placed completely within the orbit. Additionally or alternatively,a microstimulator may be considered within the lacrimal gland when it isimplanted completely within the gland. For example, a microstimulatormay be held within a needle used to inject the microstimulator not onlyinto a position in the orbit but actually within the lacrimal glanditself. Implanting within may be accomplished, for example, using thedevice and technique described above in FIGS. 12A and 12B.

Still further variations in the placement of a microstimulator arepossible in terms of the physical placement of the microstimulatorrelative to the targeted tissue as well as surrounding structures.Oftentimes it is the case in the field of implanted stimulationssystems, optimal placement of a microstimulator adjacent to the targetedstructure to achieve the desired modulation or stimulation result istensioned against unintended damage to or unwanted stimulation ofadjacent structures. One specific example would be placement of amicrostimulator to achieve enhanced lacrimal gland activity thatinadvertently resulted in muscles firing to cause eyelid shuttering orflickering or, in another example, undesired eye movement. Both of theseexamples illustrate adverse reactions to be avoided during lacrimalstimulation. Embodiments of the present invention may be consideredselective to the targeted tissue through the use of one or both ofelectrical selectivity or physical selectivity. Electrical selectivityincludes the adjustment of one or more electrical variables or aspectsof the applied neuromodulation signal to control the placement,intensity, neuronal fiber-type recruitment or stimulation zone of themicrostimulator. Physical selectivity refers to the placement orposition of the microstimulator within the body in proximity to thestimulation target but also considers the adjacent tissue as well. Insome cases, a microstimulator is placed so that when the stimulationcurrent is delivered, it will generate electrical fields in the targettissue that are sufficient to induce cellular activity. Alternatively,the electric field in the non-target tissue are insufficient to produceany deleterious effect such as undesired motor response (i.e., eye lidflutter or eye movement as discussed herein).

With reference to FIG. 13, consider the location of the lacrimal gland38 relative to the rectus muscles of the eye 116, 118. In oneillustrative example, a microstimulator may be positioned along thelacrimal gland 10 by in a medial portion of the stimulation zone 38.Such a position would be physically selective to the gland over theadjacent muscles. The stimulation pattern used could also be devised sothat the stimulation signal induces activity by the gland with no, lowor imperceptive amounts of energy reaching the adjacent muscles. Here,no, low or imperceptive amounts of energy relates to an amount that isbelow that level resulting in undesired results, such as an undesiredmotor response. In view of specific treatment or anatomical conditionsfor a patient, a microstimulator may be positioned in any of a number ofdifferent orientations relative to a target implantation site. Moreover,the electrical stimulation patterns may be adjusted according to theresulting placement, proximity to the neural target and stimulationeffects to be avoided. Such implant orientations include, for example,on or along a superior aspect of a stimulation or a neuromodulationtarget, on or along a lateral aspect of a stimulation or aneuromodulation target; on or along a medial aspect of a stimulation ora neuromodulation target; on or along a caudal aspect of a stimulationor a neuromodulation target; or, on or along a dorsal aspect of astimulation or a neuromodulation target.

The foregoing descriptions of specific embodiments of the presentinvention have been presented for purposes of illustration anddescription. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit theinvention to the precise forms disclosed, and obviously manymodifications and variations are possible in light of the aboveteaching. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to bestexplain the principles of the invention and its practical application,to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize theinvention and various embodiments with various modifications as aresuited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scopeof the invention be defined by the Claims appended hereto and theirequivalents.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for treating dry eye by stimulating oneor more nerves that innervate lacrimal gland tissue comprising:implanting a microstimulator adjacent to the lacrimal gland; andapplying stimulation to the lacrimal gland, wherein the microstimulatoris implanted using a 12 or larger gauge needle.
 2. The method of claim1, wherein the microstimulator is adjacent the lacrimal gland fullyimplanted within an orbit of a patient's eye.
 3. The method of claim 1,wherein the microstimulator is adjacent and directly contacting thelacrimal gland.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the microstimulator isadjacent to and at least partially penetrating into the lacrimal gland.5. The method of claim 1, wherein the microstimulator is adjacent to andfully implanted into or completely within the lacrimal gland.
 6. Themethod of claim 1, wherein adjacent to the lacrimal gland is about,within or partially in the lacrimal gland.
 7. The method of claim 1,wherein the microstimulator is fully implanted within the orbit of theeye.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the stimulation selectivelystimulates the one or more nerves that innervate the lacrimal gland. 9.The method of claim 8, wherein the stimulation selectively stimulatesthe one or more nerves that innervate the lacrimal gland without movingthe eye in the vertical or horizontal direction.
 10. The method of claim8, wherein the stimulation selectively stimulates the one or more nervesthat innervate the lacrimal gland without stimulating the ocularmuscles.
 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the stimulation selectivelystimulates the one or more nerves that innervate the lacrimal glandwithout stimulating the superior rectus, lateral rectus, levatorpalpebrae superioris, retina or corresponding motor nerves.
 12. Themethod of claim 8, wherein the autonomic efferent fibers are selectivelystimulated over the sensory afferent fibers.
 13. The method of claim 8,wherein the autonomic efferent fibers are selectively stimulated overthe A-delta pain fibers.
 14. The method of claim 8, wherein theautonomic efferent fibers are selectively stimulated over the C painfibers.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the stimulation onlystimulates the one or more nerves that innervate the lacrimal gland. 16.The method of claim 1, wherein after the implanting step themicrostimulator is implanted into the fossa for the lacrimal gland. 17.The method of claim 1, wherein after the implantation step themicrostimulator conforms to the fossa for the lacrimal gland afterimplantation.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the microstimulatorconforms to an exterior aspect of a lacrimal gland after implantation.19. The method of claim 1, the implanting step further comprisingconforming the microstimulator to an exterior aspect of the fossa forthe lacrimal gland.
 20. The method of claim 1, wherein after theimplanting step the microstimulator may conform to an exterior aspect ofthe fossa for the lacrimal gland.
 21. The method of claim 1 furthercomprising: loading the microstimulator into a 12 or larger gaugeneedle; inserting the needle tip using an anatomical landmark at thecorner of the eye; positioning the needle in proximity to the lacrimalgland; and deploying the microstimulator using the needle.
 22. Themethod of claim 21, wherein the anatomical landmark is the temporalaspect of the orbit into the superior lateral aspect of the orbit andthrough the orbital septum.
 23. The method of claim 1, wherein thestimulation comprises a current having a pulse amplitude between about500 μA to about 25 mA.
 24. The method of claim 1, wherein thestimulation comprises a pulse amplitude, a pulse width, and a pulsefrequency, and one or more of the pulse amplitude, pulse width, or pulsefrequency is varied over the treatment period.
 25. The method of claim1, wherein the stimulation has a pulse frequency between about 2 Hz toabout 270 Hz.
 26. The method of claim 1, wherein the stimulation has apulse frequency between about 30 Hz to about 40 Hz.
 27. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the stimulation comprises a current having a pulsewidth between about 50 μsec to about 2700 μsec.
 28. The method of claim1, the implanting step further comprising: identifying an insertionpoint for implantation based upon a feature of the orbit.
 29. The methodof claim 1, wherein the stimulation is adjusted in response to ameasured variable.
 30. The method of claim 1, wherein the stimulation isdelivered in bursts.
 31. The method of claim 1, wherein the stimulationcomprises a current having a pulse width between about 500 μsec to about1000 μsec.
 32. The method of claim 1, further comprising positioning acontroller in proximity to the microstimulator.
 33. The method of claim32, further comprising generating a magnetic field with the controller.34. The method of claim 33, wherein the magnetic field is adjusted basedon input from the user.
 35. The method of claim 33, wherein the magneticfield is adjusted based on the degree of coupling to themicrostimulator.
 36. The method of claim 33, wherein the magnetic fieldis coupled to the microstimulator to generate the stimulation.
 37. Themethod of claim 33, wherein the magnetic field is generated in bursts.38. The method of claim 33, wherein the magnetic field has a frequencyof about 10 kHz to about 100 MHz.
 39. The method of claim 33, whereinthe magnetic field has a frequency of about 100 kHz to about 5 MHz. 40.A method for treating dry eye by stimulating one or more nerves thatinnervate lacrimal gland tissue comprising: implanting a microstimulatoradjacent to the lacrimal gland; positioning a controller in proximity tothe microstimulator; and applying stimulation to the lacrimal gland. 41.The method of claim 40, wherein the microstimulator is adjacent thelacrimal gland fully implanted within an orbit of a patient's eye. 42.The method of claim 40, wherein the microstimulator is adjacent anddirectly contacting the lacrimal gland.
 43. The method of claim 40,wherein the microstimulator is adjacent to and at least partiallypenetrating into the lacrimal gland.
 44. The method of claim 40, whereinthe microstimulator is adjacent to and fully implanted into orcompletely within the lacrimal gland.
 45. The method of claim 40,wherein adjacent to the lacrimal gland is about, within or partially inthe lacrimal gland.
 46. The method of claim 40, wherein themicrostimulator is fully implanted within the orbit of the eye.
 47. Themethod of claim 40, wherein the stimulation selectively stimulates theone or more nerves that innervate the lacrimal gland.
 48. The method ofclaim 47, wherein the stimulation selectively stimulates the one or morenerves that innervate the lacrimal gland without moving the eye in thevertical or horizontal direction.
 49. The method of claim 47, whereinthe stimulation selectively stimulates the one or more nerves thatinnervate the lacrimal gland without stimulating the ocular muscles. 50.The method of claim 47, wherein the stimulation selectively stimulatesthe one or more nerves that innervate the lacrimal gland withoutstimulating the superior rectus, lateral rectus, levator palpebraesuperioris, retina or corresponding motor nerves.
 51. The method ofclaim 47, wherein the autonomic efferent fibers are selectivelystimulated over the sensory afferent fibers.
 52. The method of claim 47,wherein the autonomic efferent fibers are selectively stimulated overthe A-delta pain fibers.
 53. The method of claim 47, wherein theautonomic efferent fibers are selectively stimulated over the C painfibers.
 54. The method of claim 40, wherein the stimulation onlystimulates the one or more nerves that innervate the lacrimal gland. 55.The method of claim 40, wherein after the implanting step themicrostimulator is implanted into the fossa for the lacrimal gland. 56.The method of claim 40, wherein after the implantation step themicrostimulator conforms to the fossa for the lacrimal gland afterimplantation.
 57. The method of claim 40, wherein the microstimulatorconforms to an exterior aspect of a lacrimal gland after implantation.58. The method of claim 40, the implanting step further comprisingconforming the microstimulator to an exterior aspect of the fossa forthe lacrimal gland.
 59. The method of claim 40, wherein after theimplanting step the microstimulator may conform to an exterior aspect ofthe fossa for the lacrimal gland.
 60. The method of claim 40, whereinthe microstimulator is implanted using a 12 or larger gauge needle. 61.The method of claim 40 further comprising: loading the microstimulatorinto a 12 or larger gauge needle; inserting the needle tip using ananatomical landmark at the corner of the eye; positioning the needle inproximity to the lacrimal gland; and deploying the microstimulator usingthe needle.
 62. The method of claim 61, wherein the anatomical landmarkis the temporal aspect of the orbit into the superior lateral aspect ofthe orbit and through the orbital septum.
 63. The method of claim 40,wherein the stimulation comprises a current having a pulse amplitudebetween about 500 μA to about 25 mA.
 64. The method of claim 40, whereinthe stimulation comprises a pulse amplitude, a pulse width, and a pulsefrequency, and one or more of the pulse amplitude, pulse width, or pulsefrequency is varied over the treatment period.
 65. The method of claim40, wherein the stimulation has a pulse frequency between about 2 Hz toabout 270 Hz.
 66. The method of claim 40, wherein the stimulation has apulse frequency between about 30 Hz to about 40 Hz.
 67. The method ofclaim 40, wherein the stimulation comprises a current having a pulsewidth between about 50 μsec to about 2700 μsec.
 68. The method of claim40, the implanting step further comprising: identifying an insertionpoint for implantation based upon a feature of the orbit.
 69. The methodof claim 40, wherein the stimulation is adjusted in response to ameasured variable.
 70. The method of claim 40, wherein the stimulationis delivered in bursts.
 71. The method of claim 40, wherein thestimulation comprises a current having a pulse width between about 500μsec to about 1000 μsec.
 72. The method of claim 40, further comprisinggenerating a magnetic field with the controller.
 73. The method of claim72, wherein the magnetic field is adjusted based on input from the user.74. The method of claim 72, wherein the magnetic field is adjusted basedon the degree of coupling to the microstimulator.
 75. The method ofclaim 72, wherein the magnetic field is coupled to the microstimulatorto generate the stimulation.
 76. The method of claim 72, wherein themagnetic field is generated in bursts.
 77. The method of claim 72,wherein the magnetic field has a frequency of about 10 kHz to about 100MHz.
 78. The method of claim 72, wherein the magnetic field has afrequency of about 100 kHz to about 5 MHz.